“If Luther wasn’t a
policeman, he’d be a criminal”. To what extent is Luther a positive
representation of black masculinity?
Idris
Elba shows positive and negative representations of black masculinity through the
“fantastic action-packed police drama"[1]
'Luther' featured on the BBC who in 'their annual 2002/2003 report were losing
black viewers and listeners" [2] .
This critical investigation will show how ethnic minorities and black males are
represented throughout TV shows and movies, especially in the UK where representations have been exaggerated exuberantly
through many different TV shows throughout the years; this has been shown in
many shows, from reality shows to soaps, which are seen on
the BBC and ITV. Many white viewers said that “Broadcasters were doing a good
job, but black and Asian ethnic groups did not”. [3]
Although "racism has decreased throughout the country in the last 20 years"[4] we
are still accustomed with the same stereotypes regarding black masculinity, and
through this critical investigation it will be shown how Luther is either a
positive or negative representation of black males and if he reverts Frantz
Fanon's 'Black skins, White masks theory'[5],
moreover focus on the view of a black male as a police officer.
Representations
of black characters and ethnic minorities have been exaggerated throughout many
TV shows; this has been the case in reality shows such as 'Big Brother', 'I'm a
Celebrity get me out of here' and more importantly soaps which we see on a
daily basis. Shows such as "Coronation Street and Eastenders have been
accused of stereotyping ethnic minorities"[6]. They
have been known to show negative views of ethnic minorities and black
ethnicity, many of the shows tend of reinforce the stereotypes we have become
accustomed with rather than play them down, due to this we saw how the BBC
began to "lose black viewers and listeners"[7] .
Representations of black masculinity has remained a popular topic in the focal
point of cultural studies but "research shows that black men are
negatively portrayed"[8]. This
has been an issue many have spoken about but it is also something we have come to
regard as a norm for society. The stereotype we have become accustomed with is
that black males are "Violent, psychotic, drug dealers and even gang
leaders/members"[9], this
is also replicated in Alvarado's four key themes in racial representation:
"exotic, dangerous, humorous and pitied".[10] Thus
portraying how all black males were represented. The
images of “Black males have gone through several transformations since the rise
of the Black power movement in the late 1960s”[11].
Many of these have actually been very negative, portraying black characters in
a way that would make society frown upon them. This is a representation that
has been used in the media, the stereotype of black males being seen as drug
dealers, criminals and murderers has been one stereotype that has been used by
many producers. The public sector broadcasters BBC created the character of Luther but subverted the
stereotype of the criminal black man but reverted the stereotype of an angry
black male, but the BBC kept away from the main racial stereotypes regarding a
black male. One of the main reasons why black actors are stereotyped is “to
present an image of black British people that suggests we [they] can only
succeed in sport, entertainment and music, but not necessarily in other
fields."[12].
Thus giving them a demoting role in society and saying that they can only
succeed in sports but cannot do anything else.
Furthermore,
throughout the years we have also seen black characters as criminals in the
media landscape and usually as the antagonists. One example of this was seen in
Eastenders with the famous storyline of Pastor Lucas Johnson who was found to
be a criminal and this forces the audience to see all black characters this
way, it also puts off many institutions from having a black character as the
protagonist because there is a belief that it could cause moral panic. Stanley
Cohen's moral panic being an intense feeling expressed in a population about an
issue that threatens the social order. David Harewood believed "there
really aren’t many roles for authoritive strong black characters in this
country, we just don't write those characters, they should leave Britain for
the US to escape this lazy stereotype".[13] This
was also something that is being done by many black characters today, as we
seen Idris Elba went to the Hollywood show 'The Wire' where he notoriously
became popular, he was however seen as a negative role model towards black
masculinity due to this affiliation with drugs and crime in the show. Black characters have been forced to fulfil a
stereotype set for them which therefore goes on to make them act as criminals on
screen giving a negative representation of black masculinity. Representations
of black characters have changed throughout the years, before the black power
movement we saw a lot of racial abuse towards a black character in the media
and usually we would not see a black character on TV, the image of black
characters since then has however " gone through several transformations
since the rise of the Black power movement in the late 1960s"[14].
After this, "America was eager to give as many representations to black
people as possible"[15].
Further reverting Dyer's theory that suggest stereotypes are always about power
and they can be used to exaggerate difference. From not seeing any black characters
on TV we began to see shows such as 'Desmond’s’ and 'The Kumar's at 42' which
featured both black and ethnic groups, and thus we could perceive that many
negative stereotypes came about from the media trying to create moral panic in
the late twentieth century due to racism. Along with that the "influence
of music/fashion has led to some boys having sexist and racist perceptions
towards black masculinity"[16].
Thus portraying black masculinity as merely negative, not just on TV and in
forms of the media but also society.
Focusing
dominantly on the British media and we also did not see many black characters
in TV shows, this all changed after events such as the Stephen Lawrence murder
which raised the profile of black British males in the media. Black masculinity
had developed. Prior to this, ethnic minorities and black characters were
hardly shown on TV, and when they were shown on the news, the media used moral
panic to show them as the criminals and not victims, "Black and Asian
victims of violent death did not get the same attention as white victims;
however the racially aggravated murder of the young black teenager Stephen Lawrence
in the early 90s received high profile coverage both on television and in the
press”[17]. Institutions’
such as the Channel 4 introduced the all black TV Show 'Desmonds' which became
one of Channel 4's longest running sitcoms and most successful sitcoms too. The
current 'Prime minister said that the racist killing of Stephen Lawrence sparked
monumental change" [18] and
we began to see vast change throughout the media, we saw Eastenders introduce
black characters and "Eastenders aired the first episode featuring an
entirely black cast in its 23-year history"(2009)[19].
Sadly after all this ethnic minorities were still seen as unimportant and
invisible, an online survey on the BBC noted that " the range of roles
that ethnic minority actors play in television drama's is very limited and
often reflects low status, ethnic minority audiences were also believed that
this was a part of tokenism"[20], so
even after the 'monumental change'[21] that
was sparked after the Stephen Lawrence murder, we still became accustomed with
the fact that even though there was many stereotypes and representations being
shown of black characters they were still seen as "unimportant and invisible"[22].
Luther was a TV show that however changed this and Luther wasn't seen as
'invisible'[23]
but instead the complete opposite, Luther was the most important character in
the show and this was evident throughout the series'. There came about a belief that "Black males were more likely
to be murdered in their lifetime"[24] and
moreover before the Stephen Lawrence murder we hardly saw any coverage of black
males but now we dominantly see black characters as the "most frequent
issue found in media news"[25]
causing moral panic throughout the audience. Most predominantly,
"Criminologists have begun to wonder why black men dominate the crime statistics"[26] and
most recently we came into account with this subject after the London riots
where majority of the blame was given to black males and thus again giving them
a negative representation. The 2011 riots took place after the shooting of Mark
Duggan, protests erupted in London and it resulted into 3 day riots all over
London. The "blame was given to the black community" [27].
Idris Elba came known majorly towards the British media
when he featured in BBC's 'most terrifying crime drama' [28]
Luther. Idris Elba first came about the media scene in Channel 5's show 'Family
Affairs', since then he travelled to America and became a regular in the major
hit show 'The Wire' which portrayed Elba as a drug dealer, this was quickly
juxtaposed when we saw Elba as detective chief inspector Luther in BBC's
Luther. The "maverick protagonist Luther, is a DCI, who leads a private
and professional life through his willingness to tear up the rule book"[29]. We
saw Luther as a black male who was portrayed in both positive and negative ways
and Elba became known as a "dynamic, deeply flawed but profanely heroic
character."[30]
BBC were also praised for “it's long overdue casting of a black male"[31].
This is however "usual in America and casts are usually multi-racial"[32]. Thus
proving how British media may be currently behind on the demand for black
characters as protagonists, which is seen is the United States, David Harewood
criticised the "lack of opportunities for young black actors in the UK and
advised them to consider heading to America"[33] such
as he and Idris Elba did, the lack of black characters is obvious when you see
the BBC getting praised for having a black character as a protagonist whereas
in this day and age it should be a normal thing. Elba's role in the 'The Wire'
was predominantly violent and he was portrayed as a violent character who was
involved in drugs and crime, when Elba choose to do Luther, it was something
many of the audience expected from his background but acting as Luther, Elba
offered diversity in character. Elba also reverted Fanon's "Black skin,
White mask"[34]
theory where Fanon believed to be accepted one must "put on the white
mask"[35]
but Elba became a positive role model and a positive representation of a black
male. Perkin's believed that there was an "element of truth regarding
stereotypes"[36] and
a stereotype society has become accustomed with is that black males and the
police force do not get along this was
something famously seen during the Stephen Lawrence murder trial where we saw
how "two police officers were arrested on suspicion of hiding evidence
related to the Stephen Lawrence inquiry”[37],
which showed a racial boundary between the police force and black males. Idris Elba overcame this boundary and in a way
social boundaries too, when he choose to become the protagonist and a black
DCI, a position held as one of the highest ranks in the police force. This in
itself became a positive stereotype of a black male, and opposed the stereotype
of black males having a so called hatred towards the police force. Another
stereotype we have become accustomed with is the one of the angry black male
and this is something the BBC make use most predominantly. In the trailer for
the second season, we saw this representation of an angry black male and the scene
opened with a close up of Elba, and in slow motion we begin to see rewinded
footage of Luther throwing objects onto the floor in anger, and the scene ends
on Luther smiling, this stereotype is one used majorly by the BBC throughout
quite a few episodes of Luther and it conveys how through the slow motion and
non-digetic music, that the BBC have used stereotypes of black males rather
than revert them. Idris Elba is also set to feature as Nelson Mandela in a new
movie where Elba would be portrayed a positive role model for black males. Also
being one of the few actors to lived the 'American Dream'[38]
would in itself portray Idris Elba as a positive role model for black males,
but to what extent is his character Luther a positive representation of black
masculinity ?
Luther shows how
ethnic minorities and how black males are represented throughout the TV shows
and movies, in the day and age we live in now, racism has decreased majorly
throughout TV shows, and the show Luther sets out to develop a black character
who plays the lead role. The fact that Luther does whatever he can to help get justice in society gives us a
positive representation of him, in season two where we see Luther trying to
kill his best friend after the murder of his wife and chooses not to, but the
white female who shoots the best friend who is white male, is seen as focally
important, the fact that the BBC choose to let a white male be killed by a
white female portrays Luther again is a positive way, it shows how he is
willing to do the right thing and not let that 'aggressive' black masculinity
get in the way. "Watson notes that moral panics often result from the
media stereotyping of black people as potentially criminal"[39] ,
and Luther's choice to not shoot an enemy diverts from the moral panic caused
by an 'angry black male'[40]. Elba
says that if Luther "wasn’t a policeman, he'd be a criminal, he's not
criminally minded, mean or vindictive but he is tender and passionate"[41].
Thus proving that the character of Luther may be an aggressive black male but
is a positive representation of black masculinity, we see a lot of rage in
Luther reverting the fact that black males are seen as "emotional,
impulsive and barbaric"[42] and he subverts the stereotype of black rage
and the aggressive black male, although we see two sides Luther, the good and
bad, we see how Luther mainly overcomes the bad and even when nothing or no one
is on his side. He overcomes the injustice and prevails, thus making Luther a
positive representation of black masculinity. The show as also met with mainly
positive reviews, review site; Rotten Tomatoes holds a "94% approval rating,
Luther is gritty and ambiguous and is a captivating drama bolstered by a
powerhouse performance from Idris Elba"[43].
Thus showing the positive impact it has on the audience and its black viewers.
Another famous BBC crime drama was Dickson of
Dock Green, a British show which was broadcasted on the BBC from 1955 to 1976,
an era where black males were not shown mainly on TV, this was proven in
Dickson of Dock Green because in the 22 years of broadcasting, there was no
black male featured, and when George Dixon was asked about the show being
"racist"[44],
George Dixon replied by ironically saying "he didn't even know the meaning
of the word"[45], but
the lack of black characters would make one wonder on how the show couldn't be
racist in a contextual way. The show just like Luther portrays somewhat of a
family man who both put work before family and both were set in London, but one
thing we saw in Luther that was missed in Dixon of Dock Green was ethnic
minorities and showing that even though Dickson of Dock Green was " the
most beloved of British serials" [46], one
may argue that Luther is a much more positive representation to its audience
and obviously a positive representation of black masculinity, BBC's
"Luther is the first major drama series to have its eponymous hero played
by a black character"[47] and
is also a positive representation of black masculinity, further capitulating
the audience with his etymological name defining him as a "warrior and
leader"[48].
To conclude,
Luther's character can mainly be seen as a positive representation of black
stereotypes and even though representations of black males have changed
throughout the years, it is mainly because we have become accustomed with the
fact that most of the representations we see of black males is that they are
"criminals and drug dealers"[49], we
also find that black males become "invisible"[50].
Society however has become more comfortable with having a black male on their
TV screen, especially one who is a protagonist. "To speak about black
masculinity in media is to speak about the aesthetic, historical and political
legacies of the median itself"[51] and
historical events such as the black power movements and the Stephen Lawrence
murder have aided in the change in the media landscape for black males and
black masculinity, but it still remains a fact that there is only one crime
drama which has a black male as a protagonist, the positive representation of
black males on the BBC is not helped however by article which talk about
monumental change due to shows such as Eastenders cast "an entire black
cast in one episode"[52]. More
shows should take note from Luther and portray black masculinity in a positive
way rather than in a way where we see
ethnic minorities have degrading roles which "reflect low status"[53] and
the show Luther allows black audiences to watch with a sense of escapism with
many subverted racial stereotypes.
[1]
Luther reviews and ratings - "Luther." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web.
5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1474684/revi
[3]
Top Soaps Accused Of Stereotyping Ethnic Minorities - Coventry Telegraph - Pass
the Remote http://blogs.coventrytelegraph.net/passtheremote/2008/07/top-soaps-accused-of-stereotyp.html
[4]
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/nov/30/racist-crime-england-wales
[5] Fanon.F.(1952).p.1.
[6]
"Top Soaps Accused Of Stereotyping Ethnic Minorities - Coventry
Telegraph - Pass the Remote." Top Soaps Accused Of Stereotyping Ethnic Minorities -
Coventry Telegraph - Pass the Remote.
N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014.
<http://blogs.coventrytelegraph.net/passtheremote/2008/07/top-soaps-accused-of-stereotyp.html>.
[8]
Race and the Representation of Blacks' Interests During Reconstruction
-http://prq.sagepub.com/content/54/1/181.abstract
[10]
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Modules/FM34120/represent.html
[11]
Golden, (1994) p.79
[12]
Black actors leave Britain to escape 'lazy stereotypes - http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/black-actors-leave-britain-to-escape-lazy-stereotypes-says-chuka-umunna-8915673.html
[14]
Thelma, Golden (1994)
[21] ibid
[23]
ibid
[24] Mimora.G.(1996).p.19.
[25]
ibid
[26] Ruther.F.(2004).p.65
[27]
http://newsone.com/1460505/david-starkey-black-culture-london-riots/
[31]
ibid
[32]
ibid
[34] Fanon.F.(1952).p.1.
[35] ibid
[40]
ibid
[42] Tlelim.I.(2007).p.42
[45] ibid
[48] http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Luther
[51] Harris.K.(1999).p.4.